Smoking Self-Efficacy Scale (SSES)

Description

The Smoking Self-Efficacy Scales are designed to assess an individual’s confidence in their ability to resist smoking under various social and emotional circumstances. This scale includes a longer version with 20 items and a shorter 9-item variant, each focusing on different contexts in which a person may experience cravings for cigarettes or feel tempted to smoke. These contexts encompass a range of emotions, social situations, and personal challenges, reflecting the complexities of smoking cessation and highlighting the importance of self-efficacy in overcoming addiction. The scales are grounded in the Transtheoretical Model (TTM), which facilitates understanding of the stages of behavior change related to smoking cessation.

Authors and Contact Email

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Purpose

The primary purpose of the Smoking Self-Efficacy Scales is to measure an individual’s perceived self-efficacy regarding their ability to abstain from smoking in various high-risk situations. This metric can inform interventions aimed at supporting individuals in their quit attempts.

Test Year

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Administration Method and Scoring

Participants respond to each item on a Likert scale, which ranges from 1 (Not at all confident) to 5 (Extremely confident). Higher scores indicate greater self-efficacy in resisting smoking.

Reliability and Validity

The scales demonstrate strong internal consistency with the following coefficients: Negative Affect (α = .95), Social/Positive (α = .93), and Habit/Addictive (α = .92) as reported by Velicer et al. (1990).

Factors and Subscales

For the 20-item version:
– Negative Affect: Items 3, 5, 7, 8, 18, 19
– Social/Positive: Items 1, 4, 6, 9, 10, 16
– Habitual/Craving: Items 11, 13, 14, 15, 20

For the 9-item version:
– Negative Affect: Items 3, 6, 9
– Social/Positive: Items 1, 4, 7
– Habitual/Craving: Items 2, 5, 8

Keywords

Smoking cessation, self-efficacy, addiction, Transtheoretical Model, smoking behavior, cravings.

Items of Smoking Self-Efficacy Scales

**20 Items Version**
1. At a bar or cocktail lounge having a drink.
2. When I am desiring a cigarette.
3. When things are not going the way I want and I am frustrated.
4. With my spouse or close friend who is smoking.
5. When there are arguments and conflicts with my family.
6. When I am happy and celebrating.
7. When I am very angry about something or someone.
8. When I would experience an emotional crisis, such as an accident or a death in the family.
9. When I see someone smoking and enjoying it.
10. Over coffee while talking and relaxing.
11. When I realize that quitting smoking is an extremely difficult task for me.
12. When I am craving a cigarette.
13. When I first get up in the morning.
14. When I feel I need a lift.
15. When I begin to let down on my concern about my health and am less physically active.
16. With friends at a party.
17. When I wake up in the morning and face a tough day.
18. When I am extremely depressed.
19. When I am extremely anxious and stressed.
20. When I realize I haven’t smoked for a while.

**9 Items Short Form**
1. With friends at a party.
2. When I first get up in the morning.
3. When I am very anxious and stressed.
4. Over coffee while talking and relaxing.
5. When I feel I need a lift.
6. When I am very angry about something or someone.
7. With my spouse or close friend who is smoking.
8. When I realize I haven’t smoked for a while.
9. When things are not going my way and I am frustrated.

References

http://habitslab.umbc.edu/self-efficacy-scales/https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/smoking-self-efficacy-scales-2/