Table of Contents
Description
The Processes of Change Questionnaire for smoking is a psychological assessment tool designed to evaluate the cognitive and behavioral processes individuals undergo when contemplating or attempting to quit smoking. Based on the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) by Prochaska and DiClemente, the questionnaire aims to measure various aspects of an individual’s readiness and journey towards quitting, including social liberation, self-re-evaluation, and reinforcement management. The scale provides both a 40-item version and a shorter 20-item version, catering to a broader range of needs and contexts for those assessing smoking cessation strategies.
Authors and Contact Email
Information not available.
Purpose
The purpose of the Processes of Change Questionnaire is to help individuals assess their current stage of change in relation to smoking cessation and to identify the processes that may support their efforts to quit smoking.
Test Year
Information not available.
Administration Method and Scoring
Respondents rate each item on a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 indicates “Never” and 5 indicates “Repeatedly.” The scores are then totaled to provide insight into the respondent’s processes of change in relation to their smoking behavior.
Reliability and Validity
Information not available.
Factors and Subscales
The Processes of Change Questionnaire is divided into two main types of processes: experiential and behavioral. The experiential processes are further broken down into categories such as Consciousness Raising, Dramatic Relief, Environmental Re-evaluation, Self-Re-evaluation, and Social Liberation. The behavioral processes include Reinforcement Management, Counter Conditioning, Helping Relationships, Self-Liberation, and Stimulus Control.
Keywords
Smoking cessation, Processes of change, Transtheoretical Model, Questionnaire, Behavioral change.
Items of ‘Processes of Change Questionnaire – Smoking’
40 item version:
1. Special people in my life accept me the same whether I smoke or not.
2. I see “No Smoking” signs in public buildings.
3. I can be open with at least one special person about my experiences with smoking.
4. I tell myself I can choose to smoke or not.
5. Instead of smoking I engage in some physical activity.
6. I recall articles with the problems of quitting smoking.
7. I notice that public places have sections set aside for smokers.
8. I recall information people have personally given me on the benefits of quitting smoking.
9. I am considering the belief that people quitting smoking will help to improve the world.
10. I think about information from articles and advertisements on how to stop smoking.
11. Remembering studies about illnesses caused by smoking upsets me.
12. Other people in my daily life try to make me feel good when I don’t smoke.
13. I tell myself I am able to quit smoking if I want to.
14. I have someone who listens when I need to talk about my smoking.
15. I remove things from my home that remind me of smoking.
16. I tell myself that if I try hard enough I can keep from smoking.
17. I recall information people have personally given me on how to stop smoking.
18. I make commitments not to smoke.
19. I reward myself when I don’t smoke.
20. I notice that nonsmokers are asserting their rights.
21. I stop to think that smoking is polluting the environment.
22. I can expect to be rewarded by others if I don’t smoke.
23. I keep things around my place of work that remind me not to smoke.
24. I find society changing in ways that make it easier for the nonsmoker.
25. I get upset when I think about my smoking.
26. I find that doing other things with my hands is a good substitute for smoking.
27. When I am tempted to smoke, I think about something else.
28. I do something else instead of smoking when I need to relax or deal with tension.
29. I remove things from my place of work that remind me of smoking.
30. Warnings about the health hazards of smoking move me emotionally.
31. Dramatic portrayals of the evils of smoking affect me emotionally.
32. I react emotionally to warnings about smoking cigarettes.
33. I am rewarded by others if I don’t smoke.
34. I consider the view that smoking can be harmful to the environment.
35. I reassess the fact that being content with myself includes changing the smoking habit.
36. I consciously struggle with the issue that smoking contradicts my view of myself as a caring and responsible person.
37. I put things around my home that remind me not to smoke.
38. My dependency on cigarettes makes me feel disappointed in myself.
39. I am considering the idea that the world around me would be a better place without my smoking.
40. I have someone whom I can count on when I’m having problems with smoking.
20 item version:
1. When I am tempted to smoke, I think about something else.
2. I tell myself I can quit if I want to.
3. I notice that nonsmokers are asserting their rights.
4. I recall information people have given me on the benefits of quitting smoking.
5. I can expect to be rewarded by others if I don’t smoke.
6. I stop to think that smoking is polluting the environment.
7. Warnings about the health hazards of smoking move me emotionally.
8. I get upset when I think about my smoking.
9. I remove things from my home or place of work that remind me of smoking.
10. I have someone who listens when I need to talk about my smoking.
11. I think about information from articles and ads about how to stop smoking.
12. I consider the view that smoking can be harmful to the environment.
13. I tell myself that if I try hard enough, I can keep from smoking.
14. I find society changing in ways that make it easier for nonsmokers.
15. My need for cigarettes makes me disappointed in myself.
16. I have someone I can count on when I’m having problems with smoking.
17. I do something else instead of smoking when I need to relax.
18. I react emotionally to warnings about smoking cigarettes.
19. I keep things around my home or place of work that remind me not to smoke.
20. I am rewarded by others if I don’t smoke.
References
http://habitslab.umbc.edu/processes-of-change-questionnaire/
Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., DiClemente, C.C., & Fava, J.L. (1988). Measuring the process of change: Applications to the cessation of smoking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 520-528.
DiClemente, CC, Prochaska, JO, Fairhurst, SK, Velicer, WF, Velasquez, MM, & Rossi, JS. (1991). The process of smoking cessation: An analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 295-304.
Perz, CA, DiClemente, CC, & Carbonari, JP. (1996). Doing the right thing at the right time? The interaction of stages and processes of change in successful smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 15, 462-468.